In Python, *args and **kwargs are used to pass a variable number of arguments to a function.
They make your functions flexible and capable of handling different numbers of inputs dynamically.

🔹 1. *args → Non-Keyword Variable Arguments

• The *args parameter allows a function to accept any number of positional (non-keyword) arguments.
• The function receives them as a tuple.
• The name args is just a convention — you can use any name (e.g., *numbers).

🧩 Example 1: Using *args

def add_numbers(*args):
    print("Arguments received:", args)
    print("Sum:", sum(args))

add_numbers(10, 20)
add_numbers(5, 10, 15, 20)

def add_numbers(*args):
    print("Arguments received:", args)
    print("Sum:", sum(args))

add_numbers(10, 20)
add_numbers(5, 10, 15, 20)

Output:

Arguments received: (10, 20)
Sum: 30
Arguments received: (5, 10, 15, 20)
Sum: 50

Arguments received: (10, 20)
Sum: 30
Arguments received: (5, 10, 15, 20)
Sum: 50

Explanation:
All positional arguments are packed into a tuple (10, 20) or (5, 10, 15, 20).

🧩 Example 2: Iterating Over *args

def greet_people(*args):
    for name in args:
        print("Hello,", name)

greet_people("Dheeraj", "Ravi", "Amit")

def greet_people(*args):
    for name in args:
        print("Hello,", name)

greet_people("Dheeraj", "Ravi", "Amit")

Output:

Hello, Dheeraj
Hello, Ravi
Hello, Amit

Hello, Dheeraj
Hello, Ravi
Hello, Amit

🔹 2. **kwargs → Keyword Variable Arguments

• The **kwargs parameter allows a function to accept any number of keyword arguments.
• The function receives them as a dictionary where keys are argument names and values are argument values.
• The name kwargs stands for keyword arguments (you can rename it, e.g., **data).

🧩 Example 3: Using **kwargs

def print_info(**kwargs):
    print("Keyword Arguments:", kwargs)
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key} → {value}")

print_info(name="Dheeraj", age=24, city="Delhi")

def print_info(**kwargs):
    print("Keyword Arguments:", kwargs)
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key} → {value}")

print_info(name="Dheeraj", age=24, city="Delhi")

Output:

Keyword Arguments: {'name': 'Dheeraj', 'age': 24, 'city': 'Delhi'}
name → Dheeraj
age → 24
city → Delhi

Keyword Arguments: {'name': 'Dheeraj', 'age': 24, 'city': 'Delhi'}
name → Dheeraj
age → 24
city → Delhi

Explanation:
All keyword arguments are packed into a dictionary {key: value}.

🔹 3. Using Both *args and **kwargs Together

You can use both in the same function, but the order must be:
👉 def func(required, *args, **kwargs)

🧩 Example 4: Combining *args and **kwargs

def display_data(title, *args, **kwargs):
    print("Title:", title)
    print("Positional args:", args)
    print("Keyword args:", kwargs)

display_data("Employee Details", "Dheeraj", 24, role="Developer", location="Delhi")

def display_data(title, *args, **kwargs):
    print("Title:", title)
    print("Positional args:", args)
    print("Keyword args:", kwargs)

display_data("Employee Details", "Dheeraj", 24, role="Developer", location="Delhi")

Output:

Title: Employee Details
Positional args: ('Dheeraj', 24)
Keyword args: {'role': 'Developer', 'location': 'Delhi'}

Title: Employee Details
Positional args: ('Dheeraj', 24)
Keyword args: {'role': 'Developer', 'location': 'Delhi'}

🧩 Example 5: Passing Lists and Dictionaries with * and **
You can unpack lists and dictionaries when calling a function.

def student_details(name, age, city):
    print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}, City: {city}")

data_list = ["Dheeraj", 24, "Delhi"]
data_dict = {"name": "Ravi", "age": 22, "city": "Mumbai"}

student_details(*data_list)   # Unpacks list
student_details(**data_dict)  # Unpacks dictionary

def student_details(name, age, city):
    print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}, City: {city}")

data_list = ["Dheeraj", 24, "Delhi"]
data_dict = {"name": "Ravi", "age": 22, "city": "Mumbai"}

student_details(*data_list)   # Unpacks list
student_details(**data_dict)  # Unpacks dictionary

Output:

Name: Dheeraj, Age: 24, City: Delhi
Name: Ravi, Age: 22, City: Mumbai

Name: Dheeraj, Age: 24, City: Delhi
Name: Ravi, Age: 22, City: Mumbai

🔹 4. Order of Parameters in Function Definition

When using all argument types together, they should follow this order:

def func(normal, *args, default="Yes", **kwargs):
    pass

def func(normal, *args, default="Yes", **kwargs):
    pass

Order:

1. Normal positional arguments
2. *args
3. Default arguments
4. **kwargs

🔹 In Summary

✅ In short:

• *args → Used to pass multiple positional arguments (packed as a tuple).
• **kwargs → Used to pass multiple keyword arguments (packed as a dictionary).
• They make your functions flexible, dynamic, and more reusable.